To view the hidden files and folders, simply add the -a (or –all) option to the ls command, as in the following example;

$ ls
file  folder
$ ls -a
.  ..  file  folder  .hiddenfile  .hiddenfolder

Do note that the command also display the files . and .. . These are files referring to the current and parent directory respectively, and they exist in every single folder in the system.

The following is an example of the command in use;

$ ls -R testdir/
testdir/:
subdir1  subdir2

testdir/subdir1:
subsubdir1  subsubdir2

testdir/subdir1/subsubdir1:
file1

testdir/subdir1/subsubdir2:
file2

testdir/subdir2:
subsubdir1  subsubdir2

testdir/subdir2/subsubdir1:
file3

testdir/subdir2/subsubdir2:
file4

$ apache2 -l
Compiled in modules:
  core.c
  mod_log_config.c
  mod_logio.c
  prefork.c
  http_core.c
  mod_so.c

For older systems running apache 1.x, the command is as the following, and should produce the same output:

$ httpd -l
Compiled in modules:
  core.c
  mod_log_config.c
  mod_logio.c
  prefork.c
  http_core.c
  mod_so.c

For loadable modules, they are normally placed in the modules directory as in the following;

$ ls /usr/lib/apache2/modules/
httpd.exp               mod_cgid.so          mod_mem_cache.so
libphp5.so              mod_cgi.so           mod_mime_magic.so
mod_actions.so          mod_charset_lite.so  mod_mime.so
mod_alias.so            mod_dav_fs.so        mod_negotiation.so
mod_asis.so             mod_dav_lock.so      mod_proxy_ajp.so
mod_auth_basic.so       mod_dav.so           mod_proxy_balancer.so
mod_auth_digest.so      mod_dbd.so           mod_proxy_connect.so
mod_authn_alias.so      mod_deflate.so       mod_proxy_ftp.so
mod_authn_anon.so       mod_dir.so           mod_proxy_http.so
mod_authn_dbd.so        mod_disk_cache.so    mod_proxy.so
mod_authn_dbm.so        mod_dumpio.so        mod_rewrite.so
mod_authn_default.so    mod_env.so           mod_setenvif.so
mod_authn_file.so       mod_expires.so       mod_speling.so
mod_authnz_ldap.so      mod_ext_filter.so    mod_ssl.so
mod_authz_dbm.so        mod_file_cache.so    mod_status.so
mod_authz_default.so    mod_filter.so        mod_substitute.so
mod_authz_groupfile.so  mod_headers.so       mod_suexec.so
mod_authz_host.so       mod_ident.so         mod_unique_id.so
mod_authz_owner.so      mod_imagemap.so      mod_userdir.so
mod_authz_user.so       mod_include.so       mod_usertrack.so
mod_autoindex.so        mod_info.so          mod_version.so
mod_cache.so            mod_ldap.so          mod_vhost_alias.so
mod_cern_meta.so        mod_log_forensic.so

These modules are however only enabled if it’s defined by the LoadModule directive in the apache configuration file.

• AMQP (Advanced Message Queueing Protocol) Infrastructure
• Better printing
• Better and faster startup
• Better webcam support
• Better remote support
• Glitch free audio
• First aid kit
• Remote virtual settings
• Security audit
• Virtual storage

Here are some reduced sized screenshots of this release. Click on the images for full size screenshots

Fedora 10 (Cambridge) screenshots

Boot: GRUB	Boot: Media test
Boot: Detecting Media	Installation: Welcome screen
Installation: Welcome screen	Installation: Choose installation language
Installation:Choose keyboard type	Installation: Erase harddisk
Installation: Set hostname	Installation: Select time zone
Installation: Set root password	Installation: Partitioning
Installation: partitioning confirmation	Installation: Formatting
Installation: Retrieving package information	Installation: Package selection
Installation: Checking package dependencies	Installation: Starting installation process
Installation: Installing packages	Installation: Performing post install configuration
Installation: Installing bootloader	Installation: Complete
Booting	Booting
Booting	Configuration: Welcome
Configuration: License information	Configuration: Create user
Configuration: Date and time	Configuration: Hardware profile
Configuration: Hardware profile confirmation	Login: User listing
Login: Enter password	Main window: Gnome desktop
Gnome version 2.24.1	OpenOffice 3: Loading
OpenOffice 3: Writer	Gimp 2.6: Loading
Gimp 2.6: Windows	Firefox 3.0.4: About
Network profile selection	Edit connections
Network connections configuration window	Transmission bittorrent client
Nautilus file manager	Logout selection
Shut down selection	Gnome-termnal
Firewall configuration	LVM management
Service configuration	Update system: getting updates
Update system: refreshing package cache

There are 2 methods to overcome this problem, being the first one is not to stay idle or by keeping the network activity busy, and if you have root access to the server, change the SSHd configuration at the server.

How can the network be kept busy while you are not attending the session? The trick is to run any program that keep updating the screen, such as mtr or top. The program should generate some network activity, and keep the session active and connected. Use the program screen to create virtual terminals where one terminal is dedicated to the program mtr or top.

If you have root access to the server, you might want to just change the SSHd configuration file. To do this, edit the file /etc/ssh/sshd_config and change the following options as in the example below;

TCPKeepAlive yes ClientAliveInterval 30 ClientAliveCountMax 99999

Don’t forget to restart the SSH server afterwards with the following command;

# /etc/init.d/sshd restart

• Better 3G support
• Write Ubuntu to and install from a USB disk
• Guest sessions
• Gnome 2.24

. The following are the screenshots of the latest Ubuntu release.

Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex) screenshots

# Import required module
import MySQLdb

# Connect
conn = MySQLdb.connect(host="localhost", port=3306, user="root", passwd="root123", db="mysql")
cursor = conn.cursor(  )

# Execute statement
stmt = "SELECT * FROM user"
cursor.execute(stmt)

# Fetch and output the result
result = cursor.fetchall(  )
print result

# Close connection
conn.close(  )

The requirement for this is to install the MySQLdb module for Python which is available from it’s project page at http://sourceforge.net/projects/mysql-python. The connect function creates a connection to the database based on the supplied parameters, and a cursor object is then created upon the connection object. The above example only show the execute and fetchall methods, and there many other available methods from the cursor object. The conn object calls the close method to close the connection to the MySQL server.

1. Copy programs directly to the directory
2. Create (soft) link to programs from the directory
3. Create a script which will execute other programs

The first method is very straightforward, and the second method can be achieved using the ln command. The following example is to run superkaramba as KDE starts.

$ cd ~/.kde/Autostart/
$ ln -s /usr/bin/superkaramba mykaramba

The third option is my personal favorite, as it provides a great level of flexibility. The following is an example bash script placed in the ~/.kde/Autostart/ directory to run gpg-agent, export a variable, and start the program katapult and conky;

#!/bin/bash

/usr/bin/gpg-agent --daemon --use-standard-socket &
export GPG_AGENT_INFO=/home/shakir/.gnupg/S.gpg-agent
/usr/bin/katapult &
/usr/bin/conky &

Please make sure all programs are executable by running chmod, probably as the following example;

$ chmod +x ~/.kde/Autostart/*

The 2 most common programs used to add a user are, adduser and useradd. They are both quite similar (heck, they do the same thing anyway, which is to add user of course), but are a bit different in their interactivity level.

adduser is quite interactive, the only required parameter to be supplied to the program is the user name to be added while running the program. The rest of the process is a matter of filling up questionaires provided by the program, and a user is then created. The following example shows how to add the user noob to the system.

# adduser noob
Adding user `noob' ...
Adding new group `noob' (1003) ...
Adding new user `noob' (1003) with group `noob' ...
Creating home directory `/home/noob' ...
Copying files from `/etc/skel' ...
Enter new UNIX password:
Retype new UNIX password:
passwd: password updated successfully
Changing the user information for noob
Enter the new value, or press ENTER for the default
        Full Name []: newbie
        Room Number []:
        Work Phone []:
        Home Phone []:
        Other []:
Is the information correct? [y/N] y

The only mandatory field to be filled up is just the password, and surely to also key in y at the end to confirm your action.

useradd is normally the preferred choice for non-interactive uses, and at minimum it also accepts only the username as parameter. The following is and example on how to add the user noob using useradd;

# useradd noob

and that’s just it. It is however pretty useless as it lack many things, and the following example should make it more useful;

# useradd -g users -G admin -s /bin/bash -d /home/noob -m noob

The command above will add the user noob with the primary group users, and also including the user to the group admin, setting the default shell to /bin/bash, define the home directory to be at /home/noob, and to create the home directory. Password is not yet set at this point, and the following step sets up the password;

# passwd noob
Enter new UNIX password:
Retype new UNIX password:
passwd: password updated successfully

For the geeks and those with brave heart, you are free to edit the following files to change user informations, and even to add a user to the system.

• /etc/passwd - User account information.
• /etc/shadow - Secure user account information.
• /etc/group - Group account information.
• /etc/default/useradd - Default values for account creation.
• /etc/skel/ - Directory containing default files.